Effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Module on First Aid Management of Road Traffic Accident among the College students

Anuradha Panda¹, Borsha Rani Tacha², Sinmayee Devi³, Ram Ninad Pattnaik⁴

¹Dean, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing, SUM Nursing College – II,

Siksha ‘O’ Anushandhan University, Phulnakhara, Cuttack, Odisha.

²M.Sc. Nursing, Department of Community Health Nursing,

Lord Jagannath Mission’s College of Nursing, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

³Principal, LJM College of Nursing, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

⁴M.Sc. Tutor, Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, SUM Nursing College -II, Phulnakhara, Cuttack, Odisha

*Corresponding Author Email: anuradhapanda@soa.ac.in

ABSTRACT:

Road traffic accidents (RTA) are major public health problems and an important cause of mortality and disability among adolescents and young adults. In many low-and middle-income settings, college students are often the first to witness RTAs, yet their knowledge of first aid is frequently inadequate to provide effective immediate care. This pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test study assessed the effectiveness of a video assisted teaching module (VATM) regarding first aid management of RTAs among 60 college students at Biju Pattnaik College of Science and Education, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, selected through non-probability convenient sampling. Data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire on first aid for wound and hemorrhage, fractures, unconsciousness, head injury and nose bleeding, and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. In the pre-test, 57% of students had poor knowledge, 40% had average knowledge and only 3% had good knowledge, whereas in the post-test 25% had excellent knowledge, 33% had good knowledge and 42% had average knowledge, with no student in the poor category. Area-wise mean knowledge scores improved across all domains; the highest mean percentage increase (35.84%) was in the introduction to first aid, and the lowest (20%) in general first aid management, indicating overall effectiveness of the VATM. Paired t-test showed a highly significant difference between pre- and post-test knowledge scores, while chi-square analysis revealed no significant association between post-test knowledge and selected demographic variables such as age, sex, religion, type of family, residence, parental education, previous exposure to first aid information and source of information. The findings suggest that video assisted teaching is an effective strategy to enhance college students' knowledge on first aid management of RTAs and could be integrated into educational and community-based injury prevention programs.

KEYWORDS: First aid, Road traffic accident, Video assisted teaching module, College students, Knowledge.

INTRODUCTION:

Road traffic accidents are a human tragedy. They involve high human suffering and socioeconomic costs in terms of premature deaths, injuries, loss of productivity and so on. Every year over 1 million people are killed, and 50 million people are injured on road accidents around the world. In India, more than 70,000 people get killed due to road accidents every year¹. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) is an issue of national concern, considering its magnitude and gravity and the consequent negative impacts on the economy, public health and the general welfare of the people. It is a major but neglected public health problem in both developing and developed countries. World Health Statistics 2008 states that RTIs are expected to be the 5^th leading cause of death by 2030, overtaking diabetes and HIV/AIDS².

It is estimated that by the year 2030, motor vehicle accidents would be ranked 3^rdas a cause of disability-adjusted life- years (DALYs) in the world. Therefore, road traffic accidents are the new global epidemic. Developing countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa, account for more than 85% of all road traffic accident deaths world-wide. More than 90% of the DALYs lost world-wide from road traffic accidents occur in developing countries^3,4,5,6,7,8. Road Accident Statistics (2014) in India over 1, 37,000 people were killed in road accidents in 2013 alone. 16 children die on Indian roads daily. One serious road accident in the country occurs every minute and 16 die on Indian roads every hour, 1214 road crashes occur every day in India. Two wheelers account for 25% of total road crash deaths, 20 children under the age of 14 die every day due to road crashes in the country, 377 people die every day, equivalent to a jumbo jet crash every day⁹.

Kar Sonali et.al (2016) conducted a study on patterns of road traffic accidents in Bhubaneswar. Total Number of RTA reported for the year was 625, thus accounting for the incidence of vehicular accidents for Bhubaneswar city, which had a 9.07/10,000 population. Grievous injury accounted to 38% of the total while fatality due to RTA was nearly 30%. The epidemiological trends that emerged were that 84% occurred in urban areas and mainly on the National Highways (46.7%). Majority of the victims were in the productive age group,18–24, years and mainly constituted males (68%)¹⁰.

Road traffic accident is the most common cause of severe head injury. It may cause multiple injuries in the same person. Majority of RTA injuries are predominantly of the brain. One person sustains traumatic brain injury (TBI) every 21 seconds in the United States at present. India also has the highest incidence of head injuries in the world next to the UN states. In our country, 60% of TBIs are caused by RTA¹¹.

According to national first aid science advisory board, first aid should be learned by every person, for this it is necessary that first aid training and education should be provided to everyone and should be important. School life also plays an important role for everyone in saving the life of a victim by providing first aid ¹².

It is very difficult for a man to go out somewhere and return safely because we cannot give any guarantee or security to our life. Many accidents occur in many places like in schools, during travelling, when doing our daily activities and place is left out. People’s motive is just to get away from the place when accident occurs. They do not come forward to help or to have some first aid care because they are not aware of giving first aid for injuries. We could see the same situations in the school also. So they must have awareness on first aid that will help them to save the life of a person.

Hence the present study is carried out to provide maximum knowledge to the college students regarding first management of road traffic accident victims that will enhance the knowledge of the college students how to provide first aid to road accidents victims successfully to save their lives.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Research Design and Setting:

In this study a pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test research design was used and the setting of the study was in in Biju Pattnaik College of Science and Education, Jayadev Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Population:

The population of the present study was the college students in a selected college of Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Sample:

The college students who met the inclusion criteria were the sample for the study.

Sampling Techniques:

In this present study non probability convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample.

Inclusion Criteria:

Students who were-

· Studying in college between 11^th and 12^th standard

· Able to read, understand and speak English

· Available during data collection

· Willing to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

· The students who were sick and absent.

· The students who had attended previously any training session of first aid management.

Development of Intervention (VATM):

A structured video assisted teaching module was developed by the investigator based on literature review, expert opinion and existing first aid guidelines. The VATM covered definition, aims, principles and responsibilities in first aid, golden rules, general first aid management, first aid for wound and hemorrhage, fractures, head injury, nose bleeding and care of the unconscious casualty including basic life support steps. The module was validated by a panel of experts in community health nursing, medical and statistical fields, and modifications were incorporated as suggested.

Data Collection Tool:

Data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire developed by the investigator.

The tool consisted of two sections: Section A captured demographic data (age, sex, religion, type of family, residence, parental education, previous exposure to first aid information and source of information), and Section B included 48multiple-choice questions assessing knowledge on introduction to first aid, general first aid management, first aid management of wound and hemorrhage, fractures, CPR and care of unconsciousness, and first aid for head injury and nose bleeding. Each correct response was scored as 1 and incorrect response as 0, with total scores ranging from 0 to 48. Knowledge levels were categorized as poor (0-12), average (13-24), good (25-36) and excellent (37-48).

Content validity of the tool was ensured through expert review and an evaluation checklist, and necessary modifications were made. Reliability was established using appropriate statistical methods.

Data Collection Procedure:

Prior permission was obtained from the institutional authorities, and informed written consent was taken from all participants after explaining the purpose of the study and assuring confidentiality. On day one, the pre-test was administered using the structured knowledge questionnaire. This was followed by implementation of the VATM through lecture-cum-demonstration using LCD projection for approximately 45 minutes. After an adequate interval, the same questionnaire was administered as the post-test to assess change in knowledge scores.

Data Analysis:

Data were coded and entered into a statistical package for analysis. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, mean percentage and standard deviation) were used to describe demographic variables and knowledge scores. Area-wise and item-wise analyses were performed to identify specific domains of improvement. Inferential statistics included paired t-test to determine the significance of difference between pre- and post-test knowledge scores and chi-square test to find association between post-test knowledge and selected demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance.

Ethical Considerations:

Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethics committee of Lord Jagannath Missions College of Nursing. Written permission to conduct the study was taken from the principal of the selected college. Informed consent was obtained from each participant and anonymity and confidentiality of data were maintained throughout the study.

RESULTS:

Demographic characteristics of college students:

The majority (78%) of the college students belonged to the age group of 15-17 years, while 22% were above 17 years. Slightly more than half of the participants were female (53%), and 47% were male. Most students (77%) were Hindus, 13% were Muslims and 10% were Christians, with no respondents from other religions. Regarding family type, 57% belonged to joint families and 43% to nuclear families, whereas none reported extended family status. A larger proportion (63%) resided in urban areas, and 37% were from rural areas. With respect to parental education, 52% of parents had secondary school education, 25% had primary school education and 23% were graduates or above, while none were illiterate. About 67% of the college students had previous exposure to information on first aid, whereas 33% reported no prior exposure. Among those exposed, friends (17%) and mass media (12%) were the most common sources, with a smaller proportion reporting other sources.

Area -wise knowledge scores.

Table 1 - Overall and area wise distribution of mean, mean %, SD on pre and post test level of knowledge score on first aid management of road traffic accident among college students.

S. No	AREA	Pre test			Post test			Difference In mean% (y-x)
S. No	AREA	Mean	Mean%(x)	Sd	Mean	Mean%(y)	SD	Difference In mean% (y-x)
1.	Introduction	3.1	28	1	7	64	1.7	36
2.	General first aid management	2.8	40	1.2	4.2	60	1.3	20
3.	First aid management of wound and haemorrhage	1.3	21	1.2	3	50	1.5	29
4.	First aid management of fracture	1.5	25	0.9	3	50	1.3	25
5.	Care of unconsciousness	2.1	21	1.9	5	50	3.6	29
6.	First aid management of head injury and nose bleeding	2.5	31	1.3	5	62	2.3	31
	Overall	13	27%	5	27	56%	9	29

Item wise Analysis:

Item-wise comparison showed that for introduction to first aid, 100% of the students responded correctly in the post-test to the item "First aid is the immediate, temporary and first line treatment," which also showed the highest effectiveness (87%) among items in this section. In general first aid management, post-test correct responses reached 98% for checking breathing by observing chest movement and feeling for breaths, with highest effectiveness (44%) for correct knowledge of the carotid pulse location. In first aid management of wound and haemorrhage, post-test correct responses were highest (63%) for the purpose of using bandages to control bleeding and prevent infection, and the greatest effectiveness (37%) was observed for the step of applying direct pressure over the wound with a clean or sterile pad. In first aid management of fracture, 70% of students correctly identified fracture as partial or complete breakage of bone in the post-test, and the highest effectiveness (53%) was seen for immobilization of the affected part as the significant first aid measure. For care of unconsciousness, the post-test highest correct response (68%) was for the expansion of CAB as compression, airway and breathing, while maximum effectiveness (52%) was seen for knowing the recommended rate of chest compressions (100-120 per minute) in hands-only CPR.

In first aid for head injury and nose bleeding, 82% correctly identified assessment of breathing by looking at chest or abdomen and listening and feeling for breath, and highest effectiveness (43%) was observed for recognizing that the first duty to a head injury victim with no signs of circulation is to begin CPR and call for an ambulance.

Effectiveness of video assisting teaching Module:

Table 2 - Significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of the students regarding first aid management of road traffic accident.

Area	‘t’ Value	Level of significance
Introduction	14.7	Highly significant
General first aid management	7.6	Highly significant
First aid management of wound and haemorrhage	12.3	Highly significant
First aid management of fracture	10.8	Highly significant
Care of unconsciousness	10.8	Highly significant
First aid management of head injury and nose bleeding	12.11	Highly significant

Association between post test module and demographic variables

Table 3 Association between post-test knowledge scores of the college students regarding first aid management of road traffic accident with their selected demographic variables

Demographic variables	Chi square value (χ2)	Df	Table value	Level of significance
Age of the college students	1.11	3	7.82	Not significant
Sex	0.63	3	7.82	Not significant
Religion	3.3	6	12.59	Not significant
Type of family	1.58	3	7.82	Not significant
Residence	1.51	3	7.82	Not Significant
Educational status of parents	6.5	9	16.92	Not significant
Previous exposure to first aid information	1.6	3	7.82	Not Significant
Source of information	2.65	6	12.59	Not Significant

DISCUSSION:

The findings of this study demonstrate that college students had inadequate baseline knowledge regarding first aid management of RTAs, with a majority in the poor and average categories prior to the intervention. This is consistent with earlier studies that reported low levels of first aid knowledge among school and college students, as well as other lay first responders, in India and other developing countries. Following implementation of the VATM, there was a significant improvement in overall and area-wise knowledge scores, and no student remained in the poor knowledge category, highlighting the effectiveness of structured video-based teaching.

The greatest gains were observed in foundational areas such as introduction to first aid and in key life-saving components like identification of shock, hemorrhage control, fracture immobilization and basic life support steps, which are critical for early management at the scene of RTAs. The lack of association between post-test knowledge and demographic variables suggests that video assisted teaching is an equitable strategy that benefits students regardless of age, sex, residence or previous exposure. These findings support integration of VATM-based first aid training into college curricula and community programs to enhance preparedness for managing RTAs and potentially reduce preventable morbidity and mortality.

CONCLUSION:

The study concluded that the video assisted teaching module was effective in improving knowledge regarding first aid management of road traffic accidents among college students in a selected college of Bhubaneswar, Odisha. After the intervention, there was a marked shift from poor to good and excellent knowledge levels, with statistically significant gains in overall and area-wise scores and no significant association between post-test knowledge and demographic variables. These results indicate that VATM is a feasible and impactful educational approach to strengthen first aid competencies in young populations at high risk of witnessing RTAs.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The author declares no conflict of Interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors acknowledge the support of the Principal and Faculty of Lord Jagannath Missions College of Nursing and Biju Pattnaik College of Science and Education, Bhubaneswar, for granting permission and facilitating data collection. Sincere thanks are extended to the expert panel members for content validation of the tool and the college students who participated in the study.

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Received on 02.01.2026 Revised on 30.01.2026

Accepted on 24.02.2026 Published on 30.04.2026

Available online from May 02, 2026

Asian J. Nursing Education and Research. 2026;16(2):86-90.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2996.2026.00018

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